{"id":776,"date":"2023-12-28T00:37:54","date_gmt":"2023-12-28T00:37:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/china-hot-selling-custom-cnc-machining-turning-spline-bolt-nut-hollow-threaded-spindle-gear-steel-propeller-drive-shaft-of-motorcycle-electric-motor-auto-generator-transmission\/"},"modified":"2023-12-28T00:37:54","modified_gmt":"2023-12-28T00:37:54","slug":"china-hot-selling-custom-cnc-machining-turning-spline-bolt-nut-hollow-threaded-spindle-gear-steel-propeller-drive-shaft-of-motorcycle-electric-motor-auto-generator-transmission","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/china-hot-selling-custom-cnc-machining-turning-spline-bolt-nut-hollow-threaded-spindle-gear-steel-propeller-drive-shaft-of-motorcycle-electric-motor-auto-generator-transmission\/","title":{"rendered":"China Hot selling Custom CNC Machining Turning Spline Bolt Nut Hollow Threaded Spindle Gear Steel Propeller Drive Shaft of Motorcycle Electric Motor Auto Generator Transmission"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_3_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_body  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_post_content et_pb_post_content_0_tb_body\">\n<p><h2>\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/h2>\n<p>\n<p>\u00a0 <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><b>Basic Info. of Our Customized CNC Machining Parts<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quotation<\/td>\n<td>According To Your Drawings or Samples. (Size, Material, Thickness, Processing Content And Required Technology, etc.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tolerance\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>+\/-0.005 &#8211; 0.01mm\u00a0(Customizable)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Surface Roughness<\/td>\n<td>Ra0.2 &#8211; Ra3.2\u00a0(Customizable)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Materials Available<\/td>\n<td>Aluminum, Copper, Brass, Stainless Steel, Titanium, Iron, Plastic, Acrylic, PE, PVC, ABS, POM, PTFE etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Surface Treatment<\/td>\n<td>Polishing, Surface Chamfering, Hardening and Tempering, Nickel plating, Chrome plating, zinc plating, Laser engraving, Sandblasting, Passivating, Clear Anodized, Color Anodized, Sandblast Anodized, Chemical Film, Brushing, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Processing<\/td>\n<td>Hot\/Cold forging, Heat treatment, CNC Turning, Milling, Drilling and Tapping, Surface Treatment, Laser Cutting, Stamping, Die Casting, Injection Molding, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Testing Equipment<\/td>\n<td>Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) \/ Vernier Caliper\/ \/ Automatic Height Gauge \/Hardness Tester \/Surface Roughness Teste\/Run-out Instrument\/Optical Projector, Micrometer\/ Salt spray testing machine <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Drawing Formats<\/td>\n<td>PRO\/E, Auto CAD, CHINAMFG Works , UG, CAD \/ CAM \/ CAE, PDF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Our Advantages<\/td>\n<td>1.) 24 hours online service &amp; quickly quote and delivery. <br \/>2.) 100% quality inspection (with Quality Inspection Report) before delivery. All our products are manufactured under ISO 9001:2015.<br \/>3.) A strong, professional and reliable technical team with 16+ years of manufacturing experience.<br \/>4.) We have stable supply chain partners, including raw material suppliers, bearing suppliers, forging plants, surface treatment plants, etc. <br \/>5.) We can provide customized assembly services for those customers who have assembly needs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0 <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><b>Available Material<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Stainless Steel<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0SS201,SS301, SS303, SS304, SS316, SS416, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Steel<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0mild steel, Carbon steel, 4140, 4340, Q235, Q345B, 20#, 45#, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Brass<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0HPb63, HPb62, HPb61, HPb59, H59, H62, H68, H80, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Copper<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 C11000, C12000,C12000, C36000 etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Aluminum<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 A380, AL2571, AL6061, Al6063, AL6082, AL7075, AL5052, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Iron<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 A36, 45#, 1213, 12L14, 1215 etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Plastic<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 ABS, PC, PE, POM, Delrin, Nylon, PP, PEI, Peek etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Others<\/b><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 Various types of Titanium alloy, Rubber, Bronze, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p> <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><b>Available Surface Treatment<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Stainless Steel<\/b><\/td>\n<td>Polishing, Passivating, Sandblasting, Laser engraving, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Steel<\/b><\/td>\n<td>Zinc plating, Oxide black, Nickel plating, Chrome plating, Carburized, Powder Coated, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Aluminum parts<\/b><\/td>\n<td>Clear Anodized, Color Anodized, Sandblast Anodized, Chemical Film, Brushing, Polishing, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Plastic<\/b><\/td>\n<td>Plating gold(ABS), Painting, Brushing(Acylic), Laser engraving, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>  <b>FAQ:<\/b> <\/p>\n<p> Q1: Are you a trading company or a factory?<br \/>A1: We are a factory<\/p>\n<p>Q2: How long is your delivery time?<br \/>A2: Samples are generally 3-7 days; bulk orders are 10-25 days, depending on the quantity and parts requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Q3: Do you provide samples? Is it free or extra?<br \/>A3: Yes, we can provide samples, and we will charge you based on sample processing. The sample fee can be refunded after placing an order in batches.<\/p>\n<p>Q4: Do you provide design drawings service?<br \/>A4: We mainly customize according to the drawings or samples provided by customers. For customers who don&#8217;t know much about drawing, we also\u00a0 \u00a0provide design and drawing services. You need to provide samples or sketches.<\/p>\n<p>Q5: What about drawing confidentiality?<br \/>A5: The processed samples and drawings are strictly confidential and will not be disclosed to anyone else.<\/p>\n<p>Q6: How do you guarantee the quality of your products?<br \/>A6: We have set up multiple inspection procedures and can provide quality inspection report before delivery. And we can also provide samples for you to test before mass production. <br \/>\u00a0 \t\/* 10 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 2571 \u0433., 17:59:20 *\/!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&amp;&amp;e.split(\u201c,\u201d).forEach(function(e,t){e&amp;&amp;(a=e.match(\/(.*?):(.*)$\/))&amp;&amp;1\t  <\/p>\n<p>\n<p>\n<p>\n<table class=\"widefat\" id=\"add_new_publishing_attribute\"><\/div>\n<table class=\"widefat\" id=\"add_new_publishing_attribute\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">Certification:<\/th>\n<td>CE, RoHS, GS, ISO9001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442:<\/th>\n<td>DIN, ASTM, GOST, GB, JIS, ANSI, BS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">Customized:<\/th>\n<td>\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b:<\/th>\n<td>Metal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/th>\n<td>Metal Recycling Machine, Metal Cutting Machine, Metal Straightening Machinery, Metal Spinning Machinery, Metal Processing Machinery Parts, Metal forging Machinery, Metal Engraving Machinery, Metal Drawing Machinery, Metal Coating Machinery, Metal Casting Machinery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">Tolerance:<\/th>\n<td>+\/-0.005 &#8211; 0.01mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"attr-line\"><\/div>\n<table class=\"widefat\" id=\"add_new_publishing_attribute\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b:<\/th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"sample-order-info\">\n<div class=\"info-text\">\n                                        <strong class=\"red\">US$ 1\/Piece<\/strong><br \/>\n                                        <span title=\"1 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u043a\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437)\">1 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u043a\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437)<\/span>\n                                        <\/div>\n<p>                                        <span class=\"gap\">|<\/span><br \/>\n                                                                                    <i class=\"ob-icon icon-product\"><\/i>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0446\n                                                                            <\/div>\n<div class=\"sample-order-desc\"><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"widefat\" id=\"add_new_publishing_attribute\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"160\" class=\"th-label\">\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430:<\/th>\n<td>\n<div class=\"sample-order-info\">\n<div class=\"info-text\">\n                                            \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439\n                                        <\/div>\n<p>                                        <span class=\"gap\">|<\/span><\/p>\n<p>                                        <i class=\"ob-icon icon-fill\"><\/i>\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441<\/p><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/table>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.jiansujichilun.com\/img\/ptoshaft\/spline%20shaft\/spline-shaft10.webp\" alt=\"\u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b\" width=\"800\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438?<\/h3>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n<p>1. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430:<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>2. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0443\u0431\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>3. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<p>\u0428\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>4. \u0416\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>5. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438:<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u043a. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>6. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430:<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>7. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b:<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>8. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c:<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442. \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.jiansujichilun.com\/img\/ptoshaft\/spline%20shaft\/spline-shaft3.webp\" alt=\"\u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b\" width=\"800\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a?<\/h3>\n<p>\u0414\u0430, \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<p>\u0428\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f: \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044f. \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447, \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0438. \u0412 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0412 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0443.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0412 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0412\u041e\u041c): \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0412\u041e\u041c. \u0412 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u041e\u041c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438: \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 (4WD) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 (AWD) \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<li>\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b: \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u044c\u044e, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0412 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.jiansujichilun.com\/img\/ptoshaft\/spline%20shaft\/spline-shaft4.webp\" alt=\"\u0448\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b\" width=\"800\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Can you explain the common applications of spline shafts in machinery?<\/h3>\n<p>Spline shafts have various common applications in machinery where torque transmission, relative movement, and load distribution are essential. Here&#8217;s a detailed explanation:<\/p>\n<p>1. Gearboxes and Transmissions:<\/p>\n<p>Spline shafts are commonly used in gearboxes and transmissions where they facilitate the transmission of torque from the input shaft to the output shaft. The splines on the shaft engage with corresponding splines on the gears, allowing for precise torque transfer and accommodating relative movement between the gears.<\/p>\n<p>2. Power Take-Off (PTO) Units:<\/p>\n<p>In agricultural and industrial machinery, spline shafts are employed in power take-off (PTO) units. PTO units allow the transfer of power from the engine to auxiliary equipment, such as pumps, generators, or farm implements. Spline shafts enable the torque transfer and accommodate the relative movement required for PTO operation.<\/p>\n<p>3. Steering Systems:<\/p>\n<p>Spline shafts play a crucial role in steering systems, especially in vehicles. They are used in steering columns to transmit torque from the steering wheel to the steering rack or gearbox. The splines on the shaft ensure precise torque transfer while allowing for the axial movement required for steering wheel adjustment.<\/p>\n<p>4. Machine Tools:<\/p>\n<p>Spline shafts find applications in machine tools such as milling machines, lathes, and grinding machines. They are used to transmit torque and enable the relative movement required for tool positioning, feed control, and spindle rotation. Spline shafts ensure accurate and controlled movement of the machine tool components.<\/p>\n<p>5. Industrial Pumps and Compressors:<\/p>\n<p>Spline shafts are utilized in various types of pumps and compressors, including centrifugal pumps, gear pumps, and reciprocating compressors. They transmit torque from the driver (such as an electric motor or an engine) to the impeller or rotor, enabling fluid or gas transfer. Spline shafts accommodate the axial or radial movement caused by thermal expansion or misalignment.<\/p>\n<p>6. Printing and Packaging Machinery:<\/p>\n<p>Spline shafts are integral components in printing and packaging machinery. They are used in processes such as web handling, where precise torque transmission and relative movement are required for tasks like tension control, registration, and material feeding. Spline shafts ensure accurate and synchronized movement of the printing and packaging elements.<\/p>\n<p>7. Aerospace and Defense Systems:<\/p>\n<p>In the aerospace and defense industries, spline shafts are utilized in various applications, including aircraft landing gear systems, missile guidance systems, and helicopter rotor systems. They enable torque transmission, accommodate relative movement, and ensure precise control in critical aerospace and defense mechanisms.<\/p>\n<p>8. Construction and Earthmoving Equipment:<\/p>\n<p>Spline shafts are employed in construction and earthmoving equipment, such as excavators, bulldozers, and loaders. They are used in hydraulic systems to transmit torque from the hydraulic motor to the driven components, such as the digger arm or the bucket. Spline shafts enable efficient power transfer and allow for the articulation and movement of the equipment.<\/p>\n<p>These are just a few examples of the common applications of spline shafts in machinery. Their versatility, torque transmission capabilities, and ability to accommodate relative movement make them essential components in various industries where precise power transfer and flexibility are required.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.hzpt.com\/img\/Drive-shaft\/drive-shaft-l1.webp\" alt=\"China Hot selling Custom CNC Machining Turning Spline Bolt Nut Hollow Threaded Spindle Gear Steel Propeller Drive Shaft of Motorcycle Electric Motor Auto Generator Transmission  \"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.hzpt.com\/img\/Drive-shaft\/drive-shaft-l2.webp\" alt=\"China Hot selling Custom CNC Machining Turning Spline Bolt Nut Hollow Threaded Spindle Gear Steel Propeller Drive Shaft of Motorcycle Electric Motor Auto Generator Transmission  \"><br \/>editor by CX 2023-12-28<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Product Description \u00a0 Basic Info. of Our Customized CNC Machining Parts Quotation According To Your Drawings or Samples. (Size, Material, Thickness, Processing Content And Required Technology, etc.) Tolerance\u00a0 +\/-0.005 &#8211; 0.01mm\u00a0(Customizable) Surface Roughness Ra0.2 &#8211; Ra3.2\u00a0(Customizable) Materials Available Aluminum, Copper, Brass, Stainless Steel, Titanium, Iron, Plastic, Acrylic, PE, PVC, ABS, POM, PTFE etc. Surface Treatment [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1488,1342,50,1514,178,1351,1447,56,1927,442,3,914,1343,1344,1183,1184,1928,507,508,1182,510,1929,78,443,917,1036,292,1037,295,1930,80,1499,447,1931,1080,1932,1933,998,746,180,1345,240,733,513,319,1934,182,322,323,1638,1602,1935,1639,1640,1603,1604,1605,1936,982,1480,7,69,8,84,1937,747,336,984,1507,748,1938,104,1408,751,1643,455,52,1451,1452,1413,1414],"class_list":["post-776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-product-catalog","tag-auto-gear","tag-auto-motor","tag-auto-shaft","tag-auto-transmission-gear","tag-china-motor","tag-cnc-drive-shaft","tag-cnc-motor","tag-cnc-shaft","tag-cnc-spindle-motor","tag-custom-gear","tag-custom-shaft","tag-drive-gear","tag-drive-motor-shaft","tag-electric-drive-motor","tag-electric-gear","tag-electric-gear-motor","tag-electric-generator-motor","tag-electric-motor","tag-electric-motor-electric-motor","tag-electric-motor-gear","tag-electric-motor-shaft","tag-electric-motorcycle-motor","tag-gear","tag-gear-custom","tag-gear-drive","tag-gear-drive-motor","tag-gear-motor","tag-gear-motor-drive","tag-gear-motor-shaft","tag-gear-of-motor","tag-gear-shaft","tag-gear-spindle","tag-gear-transmission","tag-generator-motor","tag-hollow-shaft","tag-hollow-shaft-gear-motor","tag-hollow-shaft-motor","tag-hot-gear","tag-machining-cnc","tag-motor","tag-motor-auto","tag-motor-custom","tag-motor-drive","tag-motor-electric","tag-motor-gear-shaft","tag-motor-generator","tag-motor-motor","tag-motor-shaft","tag-motor-shaft-gear","tag-motorcycle-drive-gear","tag-motorcycle-drive-shaft","tag-motorcycle-electric-motor","tag-motorcycle-gear","tag-motorcycle-gear-shaft","tag-motorcycle-shaft","tag-motorcycle-shaft-drive","tag-motorcycle-transmission-shaft","tag-nut-gear","tag-propeller-shaft","tag-propeller-steel-shaft","tag-shaft","tag-shaft-cnc","tag-shaft-drive","tag-shaft-gear","tag-shaft-generator","tag-shaft-machining","tag-shaft-motor","tag-shaft-propeller","tag-shaft-spindle","tag-shaft-steel","tag-spindle-motor","tag-spline-shaft","tag-steel-hollow-shaft","tag-steel-shaft","tag-threaded-shaft","tag-transmission-gear","tag-transmission-shaft","tag-turning-gear","tag-turning-gear-motor","tag-turning-machining","tag-turning-shaft"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/776","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=776"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/776\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=776"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=776"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/splined-shaft.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=776"}],"curies":[{"name":"WP","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}